I am getting started with the boost library for c++. Following the "getting started" steps here , I download and install boost on my Linux system using install method under 5.1 (using b2), the path to boost is the default (/usr/local).
Under step 6 on the link above, there is an example code with different ways of linking to the boost binaries. For example, they suggest:
$ c++ -I path/to/boost_1_77_0 example.cpp -o example \-L~/boost/stage/lib/ -lboost_regex-gcc34-mt-d-1_36However, I can compile and link simply with:
$ g++ example.cpp -o exampleIn order to see what the linker is doing (why I don't need to include lib paths) I run
$ g++ -v example.cpp -Wl,--verbosewith the following output:
Using built-in specs.COLLECT_GCC=g++COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapperOFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:hsaOFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1Target: x86_64-linux-gnuConfigured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-9/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,gm2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-9 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-9-Av3uEd/gcc-9-9.4.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,hsa --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnuThread model: posixgcc version 9.4.0 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v''-shared-libgcc''-mtune=generic''-march=x86-64' /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/cc1plus -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu -D_GNU_SOURCE boost_test.cpp -quiet -dumpbase boost_test.cpp -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase boost_test -version -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o /tmp/cc2yx4Ya.sGNU C++14 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) version 9.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu) compiled by GNU C version 9.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMPGGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072ignoring duplicate directory "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/9"ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include-fixed"ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"#include "..." search starts here:#include <...> search starts here: /usr/include/c++/9 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/9 /usr/include/c++/9/backward /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include /usr/local/include /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu /usr/includeEnd of search list.GNU C++14 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) version 9.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu) compiled by GNU C version 9.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMPGGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072Compiler executable checksum: 65fe925b83d3956b533de4aaba7dace0COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v''-shared-libgcc''-mtune=generic''-march=x86-64' as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccMXwlld.o /tmp/cc2yx4Ya.sGNU assembler version 2.34 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v''-shared-libgcc''-mtune=generic''-march=x86-64' /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccqtwmCa.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -pie -z now -z relro /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../.. /tmp/ccMXwlld.o --verbose -lstdc++ -lm -lgcc_s -lgcc -lc -lgcc_s -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.oGNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34 Supported emulations: elf_x86_64 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*(.debug_ranges) } /* DWARF Extension. */ .debug_macro 0 : { *(.debug_macro) } .debug_addr 0 : { *(.debug_addr) } .gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) } /DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) }}==================================================/usr/bin/ld: mode elf_x86_64attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.oattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.oattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.oattempt to open /tmp/ccMXwlld.o succeeded/tmp/ccMXwlld.oattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libstdc++.so succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libstdc++.soattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libm.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libm.a failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so succeededopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.soopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.soattempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 succeeded/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmvec.so.1 succeeded/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmvec.so.1attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so succeededopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.soopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.soattempt to open libgcc_s.so.1 failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so.1 failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.a succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.a/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.aattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.a succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.aattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libc.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libc.a failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so succeededopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.soopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.soattempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 succeeded/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a succeeded/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a(/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a)elf-init.oSattempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 succeeded/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so succeededopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.soopened script file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.soattempt to open libgcc_s.so.1 failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc_s.so.1 failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.a succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.aattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.so failedattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.a succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libgcc.aattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.oattempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.olibm.so.6 needed by /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libstdc++.sofound libm.so.6 at /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 needed by /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/libstdc++.sofound ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v''-shared-libgcc''-mtune=generic''-march=x86-64'However, there is no indication of the linker attempting to open any boost library in the output above? So I am wondering, how does gcc manage to link this executable? Does anyone know of some good tutorials for linkers, or reading material?
Thanks!